Development of glass and, more broadly, ion-exchange electrodes in USSR is mainly associated with Dept of Physical Chemistry in St. Petersburg <Leningrad> University. This page additionally contains several important contributions by N.A. Izmailov from Khar’kiv. Early pH-metry based on various electron-conducting materials is also presented by several examples. Finally, some typical SPb works on the electrochemical behavior of glasses (in the absence of solutions) are also included.

Note that the term “glass electrode” in Russian (стеклянный электрод) was also sometimes used for metallic electrodes fabricated by electroless depositon and annealing of Pt or Au on glass support (e.g., Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1940. V. 9. P. 647)!

Nikolsky B.P. Die Eigenschaften der doppelschicht und die Austauschadsorption von Ionen au Nichtmetal-Lischen Oberflachen // Phys. Z. Sowjetunion. 1933. Bd. 4. S. 266–281. Ions bonding and exchange at Al(OH)₃ and kaolin surfaces is addressed.

Boltunov Yu.A., Vorsina M.A. Using bimetallic electrodes for titration of acids and bases // Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1935. V. 5. P. 519-528, in Russian.

Smirnov A.A. The behavior of glass electrode at various temperatures // Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1937. V. 7. P. 796-807, in Russian.

Boltunov Yu.A. Potentials of zinc and cadmium in solutions of foreign ions // Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1937. V. 7. P. 2831-2837, in Russian, abstract in French (P. 2837).

Boltunov Yu.A., Isakova K.I. The study of carborund and silicon electrodes. I. Using Si- and SiC-electrodes for potentiometric titration of acids and bases // Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1937. V. 7. P. 2838-2841, in Russian, abstract in English (P. 2841).

Boltunov Yu.A., Krogius E.A. Using bimetallic pairs of electrodes for titration of acids and bases in some mixed solvents // Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1937. V. 7. P. 2842-2847, in Russian, abstract in English (P. 2847).

Boltunov Yu.A., Koz’minz Z.P. The study of carborund and silicon electrodes. II. Using Si- and SiC-electrodes for titration of redox systems // Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1937. V. 7. P. 2899-2902, in Russian, abstract in English at the last page.

Izmailov N.A., Bel’gova M.A. The potential of glass electrode in alсohol-aqueous solutions // Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1938. V. 8. P. 1873-1880, in Russian, abstract in English at the last page.

Nikol’skyi B.P., Paramonova V.I. The laws of ion exchange between solid phase and solution // Uspekhi Khimii. 1939. V. 8. P. 1535-1567, review with 36 Refs in Russian.

Kovalenko P.G., Gusev V.I. Automatic device for pH determination with the use of glass electrode // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1939. V. 8. P. 1006-1007, in Russian. Stalinogorsk Chemical Plant, Novomoskovsk <Stalinogorsk> (Tula region).

Gel’gren E.Kh. On application of the lamp-electrometer to the work with glass electrode // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1940. V. 9. P. 238, in Russian.

Skobets E.M., Kavetskyi P.S. On the reversible electrode glass-sodium // Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1940. V. 10. P. 1858-1864, in Russian. This electrode operates at elevated temperatures and designed for emf measurement in the melts.

Markin B.I. Electric conductivity of boron-silver glasses // Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1941. V. 11. P. 285-292, in Russian.

Izmailov N.A., Frantsevich-Zabludovskaya T.F. The behavior of glass electrode in non-aqueous media. II. A study in ethanol-water, methanol-water, and acetone-water mixtures // Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1945. V. 15. P. 283-293, in Russian, abstract in English (P. 293). A part of 1945 PhD thesis of Tamara Fadeyevna Frantsevich-Zabludovskaya.

Izmailov N.A., Frantsevich-Zabludovskaya T.F. The behavior of glass electrode in non-aqueous media. III. Medium effect on the constant of glass // Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1946. V. 16. P. 501-508, in Russian, abstract in English (P.508). A part of 1945 PhD thesis of Tamara Fadeyevna Frantsevich-Zabludovskaya.

Plotnikov V.A., Gitman E.B. Electrolytic deposition of zirconium // Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii. 1946. V. 19. P. 826-832, in Russian. Evgeniya Borisovna Gitman (1912-?) continued with melt electrochemistry up to at least 1960s.

Izmailov N.A., Aleksandrova A.M. Behavior of the glass electrode in non-aqueous media. IV. Errors of the glass electrode in acidic and alkaline regions in ethanol and in mixtures of ethanol and water // J. Gen. Chem. USSR <translation of Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii>. 1949. V. 19. P. 1405-1416.

Izmailov N.A., Aleksandrova A.M. The behavior of the glass electrode in non-aqueous media. V. Behavior of the glass electrode in glacial acetic acid // J. Gen. Chem. USSR <translation of Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii>. 1950. V. 20. P. 2207-2212.

Nikol’skyi B.P., Materova E.A. Theory of glass electrode. IV. Experimental confirmation of exchange origin of the potential of glass electrode // Zhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimii. 1951. V. 25. P. 1335-1346, in Russian.

Trofimov A.V., Zarinskyi V.A. Pulse amplifier for the measurement of pH with a glass electrode // Zhurnal Analiticheskoi Khimii. 1951. V. 6. P. 56-58, in Russian.

Markin B.I. The formation of dendrites in the electrolysis of glasses // J. Gen. Chem. USSR. 1952. V. 22. P. 1137-1142.

Materova E.A., Vert Zh.L., Grinberg G.P. Ion exchange in water-organic solutions // J. Gen. Chem. USSR. 1954. V. 24. P. 957-966.

Fedotov N.A. A stable glass electrode for pH measurements at temperatures up to 100^oC // Industrial Laboratory. 1958. V. 24. P. 562-563.

Nikol’skyi B.P., Shul’ts M.M., Peshekhonova N.V. Theory of glass electrode. IX. Application of ion-exchange theory to glass electrodes functioning as different metal electrodes // Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 1959. V. 33. P. 222-224.

Fedotov N.A. A glass electrode with a copper auxiliary electrode // Industrial Laboratory. 1959. V. 25. P. 1326-1327.

Fedotov N.A. A laboratory cell with a glass electrode for measuring the pH of solution // Industrial Laboratory. 1959. V. 25. P. 1327-1328. Design of this cell allows to measure pH in 0.05-0.1 mL portions of solution.

Materova E.A., Yurchenko V.S. The use of membrane electrodes made from ion exchange resins for potentiometric titration // J. Anal. Chem. USSR. 1961. V. 16. P. 399-404. Russian version: Zhurnal Analiticheskoi Khimii. 1961. V. 16. P. 388-394.

Zarinskyi V.A., Frolkina V.A., Golubev A.D. Measurements of pH with lithium-glass electrodes // Industrial Laboratory. 1961. V. 27. P. 226-227. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1961. V. 27. P. 223-225.

Kots Ya.M., Zarinskyi V.A. Potentials of some ion-exchange membranes // Rus. J. Phys. Chem. 1961. V. 35. P. 597-598. Cation-exchange membrates from the Inst of Plastics are tested by emf measurements, according the technique from the lab of I.I. Zhukov.

Nikol’skyi B.P., Shul’ts M.M. Theory of the glass electrode // Rus. J. Phys. Chem. 1962. V. 36. P. 704-706.

Pisarevskyi A.M., Shul’ts M.M., Nikol’skyi B.P., Belyustin A.A. Glass electrode with electronic function // Doklady Phys. Chem. 1969. V. 187. P. 465-467. Russian version: Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR. 1969. V. 187. P. 365-367.

Leont’evskaya P.K., Sokolinskaya T.A., Vishnyakova T.P., Paushkin Ya.M., Pendin N.A., Nikol’skyi B.P. Electrodes reversible to derivatives of the ferricinium cation // Doklady Phys. Chem. 1969. V. 188. P. 690-693. Russian version: Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR. 1969. V. 188. P. 1324-1327.

Pendin N.A., Leont’evskaya P.K., L’vova T.I., Nikol’skyi B.P. Interdependence of acid-base properties in a series of substituted ferrocenes // Doklady Phys. Chem. 1969. V. 189. P. 717-720. Russian version: Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR. 1969. V. 189. P. 115-118.

Nikol’skyi B.P., Materova E.A., Grekovich A.L. Anion-selective electrodes based on liquid ion exchangers // Sov. Electrochem. 1977. V. 13. P. 632-636. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1977. V. 13. P. 745-748.