This page presents the selection of polarographic studies related directly to electroanalysis, as well as the articles on polarographic devices. We attach this page to Odessa, which pioneered practical polarograpy in the country.
First soviet serial polarographs were designed and fabricated in Odessa. Here is the earliest model with photoregistration (M-8, 1938), which satisfied all requirements to precise analysis and was widely distributed among industrial laboratories. Earlier non-serial devices are mentioned in this article.
Polarographic articles are listed chronologically. Some articles addressing the comparison with other electroanalytical techniques are also included, to show the trends. Authors’ affiliation is indicated in Italic. See also the articles of T.A. Kryukova in the list of Frumkin School publications. People from applied and more fundamental polarography formed a solid scientific community, publishing mostly in Zavodskaya Laboratoriya (Industrial Laboratory) journal. They met each other at specialized polarographic meetings (see at the end of this page) and kept contacts with Heyrovsky’s school in Prague (to illustrate, here is an announcement from Industrial Laboratory concerning the courses in Prague). Translated versions are available ….
Gokhshtein Ya.P. The effect of indifferent electrolyte concentration on the value of diffusion current of the analyzed cation // Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1937. V. 7. P. 789-795, in Russian. Odessa division of the Institute of rare metals.
Pavlov P.N. The dependence of the height of polarographic wave on concentration of reducing and coexisting ions // Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1937. V. 7. P. 2246-2258, in Russian. Odessa Chemical Inst (later Division of GIREDMET). Participation of R.G. Vol’skaya is acknowledged. See Varasova’s critical remarks on this article.
Gokhshtein Ya.P. The effect of CN’ concentration on the potential of Ni** deposition <reduction> on the drop mercury cathode and on the heigth of diffusion wave of the latter // Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1937. V. 7. P. 2484-2489, in Russian. Analytical Lab of Odessa University. Continued in 1938.
Varasova E.N. Polarographic analysis of minerals // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1937. V. 6. P. 804-807, in Russian. Institute of Applied Chemistry, Leningrad. See the article about E.N. Varasova (1905-1938).
Komar N.V. Polarographic method to determine alkali metals in mineral waters and natural salt solutions // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1937. V. 6. P. 1074-1078, in Russian. Ukrainian Balneological Institute, Odessa. Natalya Vasilievna Komar <Brun> (1889-?) worked with E.S. Burkser, mostly idealing with analysis of natural water.
Kronman E.S. On unification of the results of polarographic analysis // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1937. V. 6. P. 1294-1295, in Russian. No affiliation is indicated. Evgenyi Solomonovich Kronman (1901-1938) learned chemistry in Warsaw, and then in Berlin (graduated in 1924). He came to USSR in 1927 from Germany, and worked in various institutes related to rare metals. His most known workes (incl. a small 1932 monograph) are devoted to rhenium. He was arrested and shot as “German spy”, and was also accused of “plan to poison scientists loyal to soviet regime”.
Varasova E.N. On the dependence of the height of polarographic wave on the concentration of analyzed ion (objections to the article of P.N. Pavlov) // Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1938. V. 8. P. 93-96, in Russian. Institute of Applied Chemistry, Leningrad. Here is Pavlov’s article under discussion.
Gokhshtein Ya.P., Pokrovskyi V.A. On the effect of CN’ concentration on the potential of Ni** deposition <reduction> on the drop mercury cathode and on the heigth of diffusion wave of the latter // Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1938. V. 8. P. 1465-1469, in Russian, abstract in English (P. 1469). Analytical Lab of Odessa University. The previous part is published in 1937.
Kanevskyi E.A. On polarographic curves // Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1938. V. 8. P. 1670-1676, in Russian, abstract in French (P. 1676). Lab of special analytical techniques, Odessa University.
Engel’shtein M.A., Burkser E.S., Mikhlin S.G., Gokhshtein Ya.P., Sal’man G.A., Kryukova T.A., Ilinich M.A. The work on polarographic method of analysis should be arranged properly // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1938. V. 7. P. 889-890, in Russian. This is a sort of editorial article, which accents the necessity of centralization of polarographic research. Mikhail Abramovich Engel’shtein (1906-1951) was one of key persons in Odessa radiological institute, after 1941 he worked at the rare-earth plant in Ural region; Burkser and Gokhshtein represent Odessa, and Kryukova – Moscow; we failed to identify all co-authors unambiguously at this stage.
Portnov M.A. Soviet polarographs (a brief comparison) // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1938. V. 7. P. 1211-1213, in Russian. No affiliation is indicated. We assume that the author is from the Institute of Applied Chemistry <ГИПХ>, Leningrad, and that just he is Portnov mentioned in Stromberg’s memoirs in respect to polarographic analysis of alkali metals in 1938.
Dobrinskaya A.A., Neiman M.B. Polarographic method to determine organic peroxides // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1939. V. 8. P. 280-283, in Russian. Institute of Chemical Physics, Leningrad. This and later works of Neiman’s group in Leningrad were motivated by the studies of kinetics of combustion reactions.
Geller B.A. New design of a dropping mercury electrode // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1939. V. 8. P. 639-640, in Russian. Institute of Phisical Chemistry, Dnepropetrovsk.
Gnyubkin V.I., Dobrinskaya A.A., Neiman M.B. Account for blowing out the gas in polarographic analysis of the volatile compounds // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1939. V. 8. P. 1229-1236, in Russian. Institute of Chemical Physics, Leningrad.
Mikhailova M.N., Neiman M.B. Determination of low concentrations of aldehides and peroxides by polarographic method // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1940. V. 9. P. 166-168, in Russian. Institute of Chemical Physics, Leningrad.
Malyarevskyi G.Ya. Using the polarograph for express analysis // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1940. V. 9. P. 400-407, in Russian. Ural Division of the Academy of Sciences. This author (instrument-making person) is mentioned in the memoirs of A.G. Stromberg.
Pletnev S.A., Dubovitskaya E.I., Aref’eva T.V. Determination of bithmuth, lead, nickel, and zinc impurities in metallic copper by polarographic method // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1940. V. 9. P. 824-827, in Russian. Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals (ГИНЦветМет), Moscow.
Zan’ko A.M., Manusova F.A. The experience of using nonaqueous solutions in polarography // Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1940. V. 10. P. 1171-1176, in Russian. Institute of Physical Chemistry, Dnepropetrovsk.
Gokhshtein Ya.P. On the suppression of maximum at polarographic curves and on the shift of potential of ions reduction at current-voltage curves // Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1940. V. 10. P. 1663-1667, in Russian. Analytical Lab of Odessa University.
Zan’ko A.M., Geller B.A., Manusova F.A. Calculational polarographic analysis // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1941. V. 10. P. 458-461, in Russian. Institute of Physical Chemistry, Dnepropetrovsk.
Toropova V.F. Polarographic study of the stability of oxolate complexes of iron // Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1941. V. 11. P. 1211-1214, in Russian. Kazan University.
Malyuga D.P. Polarographic determination of copper, nickel, cobalt, zinc, and cadmium under conditions of their joint presence // Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1943. V. 13. P. 391-397, in Russian, abstract in English (P. 396). Biogeochemical Laboratory, Moscow. Dmitryi Petrovich Malyuga (1902-1969) was geochemist.
Chirkov S.K. The shift of polarographic half-wave // Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1943. V. 13. P. 503-509, in Russian, abstract in English (P. 509). Hygienic Research Institute, Ekaterinburg <Sverdlovsk>. This discussion probably makes some (limited) sense for polarography in two-electrode cell if the potential of counter electrode can be shifted.
1945. Editorial text from Zavodskaya Laboratoriya (V. 11. P. 623-625) about development of polarography in the USSR: successful implementation in industrial labs of non-ferrous metals plants, some heavy industry plants in Nizhnii Novgorod <Gorkyi> and Ural, and also in geology/mineralogy; formulation of the prospects (organic polarography, construction of devices, polarography at solid electrodes, integration into chemical industry).
Pletnev S.A., Arefieva T.V., Tal’ E.M., Dubovitskaya E.I. Application of polarographic analysis to production control in non-ferrous metallurgy // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1946. V. 12. P. 38-58, industrial-style review in Russian. Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals (ГИНЦветМет), Moscow.
Vyakhirev D.A. Polarographic method to check electrolytes of galvanic bath and galvanic coatings. Communication II // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1946. V. 12. P. 276-278, in Russian. Communication I was published in the same journal (1945. V. 11. P. 641). Inst of Chemistry of Gorkyi Univ, and automobile plant named after Molotov, Nizhnii Novgorod <Gorkyi>.
Khlopin N.Ya., Rafalovich N.A., Privalova K.P. Polarographic method of determination of phosphate ion // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1949. V. 15. P. 1305-1307, in Russian. Pharmaceutical Institute and Regional Sanitary-Hygienic Lab, Perm <Molotov>.
Gurovich N.A., Lukashina N.D. Polarographic determination of zinc in metallic copper // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1951. V. 17. P. 938-939, in Russian. Scientific-Research Inst of the Ministry of state food and material reserves (Moscow?).
Kogan I.B. Polarographic determination of nitrogen oxides in air // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1951. V. 17. P. 1304-1308, in Russian. Ukranian Central Inst of Occupational Health and Diseases, Kharkiv.
Kuznetsova Z.B., Korshunov I.A. Effect of temperature on the reduction of organic compounds at the dropping mercury electrode // J. Gen. Chem. USSR <translation of Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii>. 1952. V. 22. P. 1799-1800. Gorkyi University, Nizhnii Novgorod <Gorkyi>.
Songina O.A., Voploshnikova A.P., Kozlovskyi M.T. Amperometric determination of potassium by means of anodic ferrocyanide method // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1952. V. 18. P. 390-394, in Russian. Kazakh University, Almaty.
Lyalikov Yu.S. Development of polarographic analysis in 1950-1951 // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1952. V. 18. P. 909-925, review with 112 Refs, in Russian. Chisinau University.
Songina O.A. The development of amperometric method of analysis // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1952. V. 18. P. 1287-1299, review with 51 Refs, in Russian. Kazakh University, Almaty.
Kovalenko P.N. Electrolytic deposition of bismuth on aluminum cathode and polarographic determination of cadmium and zinc // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1953. V. 19. P. 140-145, in Russian. Rostov-on-Don University.
Rakov A.A., Rozental’ K.I. Polarographic cell with rotating platinum microelectrode // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1953. V. 19. P. 495-496, in Russian. Karpov Inst, Moscow. Note: “microelectrode” was a wire of 0.5 mm diameter, so this was not a microelectrode in its modern sense.
Kozlovskyi M.T. Development of electrochemical methods of analysis in 1950-1952 // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1953. V. 19. P. 794-801, review with 87 Refs in Russian. Kazakh University, Almaty.
Delimarskyi Yu.K. Polarography in molten salts // Uspekhi Khimii. 1954. V. 23. P. 766-779, in Russian. Review with 31 Refs. Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Kiev.
Tsfasman S.B. Electronic automatic self-recording polarograph // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1954. V. 20. P. 977-983, in Russian. Central Automation Lab, Moscow. Participation of A.S. Benevol’skyi is mentioned. Image of polarograph is accepted from 1959 book of Kryukova, Sinyakova, and Arefieva.
Songina O.A. Anodic iodide method of amperometric analysis of silver // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1955. V. 21. P. 665-669, in Russian. Kazakh University, Almaty.
Tsfasman S.B. Differential polarography using electronic self-recording integro-differentiating polarograph // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1956. V. 22. P. 131-140, in Russian. Central Automation Lab, Moscow.
Marknam A.L., Zinkova E.V. The polarographic behavior of geometrically isomeric acids // J. Gen. Chem. USSR <translation of Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii>. 1957. V. 27. P. 1512-1521. Central Asia Polytechnical Institute, Tashkent.
Platonova M.N. Application of polarographic method to the control of polymerization processes // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1957. V. 23. P. 539-540, in Russian. No affiliation is indicated; Mariya Nikolaevna Platonova worked in StPetersburg<Leningrad>, her most known affiliation was the Forestry Academy.
Kaplan B.Ya. Polarographic analysis with ac current // Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1957. V. 23. P. 771-780, review with 45 Refs in Russian. Geological Authority of the Central Regions, Moscow.
Shtifman L.M., Siavtsillo S.V., Kuriakova L.G. The polarographic determination of some derivatives of 2-ethylanthraquinone // J. Gen. Chem. USSR <translation of Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii>. 1958. V. 28. P. 2066-2068. Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Moscow.
1962. Editorial text from Industrial Laboratory (V. 28. P. 1095-1096) <Russian version P. 1027-1028> accenting the role of polarography as an analytical technique in production of high purity products. This requires determination of traces, and the versions of ac and amalgam polarography able to detect 10-7 M concentrations are the most promising. Other key issues are polarographic analysis of non-aqueous systems, incl. melts, and production of automatic polarographs for industrial labs.
Tur’yan Ya.I., Romanov V.F. The polarographic analysis of organic compounds by indirect method (review) // Industrial Laboratory. 1962. V. 28. P. 3-10, review with 145 Refs. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1962. V. 28. P. 5-11. Lisichansk Division of the Institute of Nitrogen Industry, Severodonetsk region.
Zakharov M.S., Stromberg A.G. The reproducibility of a stationary mercury drop for determining ultramicroimpurities // Industrial Laboratory. 1962. V. 28. P. 12-14. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1962. V. 28. P. 13-15. Tomsk Polytechnical Institute.
Tur’yan Ya.I. Polarographic electrolyzer with a solid indicator electrode for continuous automatic recording // Industrial Laboratory. 1962. V. 28. P. 99-102. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1962. V. 28. P. 98-101. Lisichansk Division of the Institute of Nitrogen Industry, Severodonetsk region.
Astaf’ev N.V. Experience of using a polarographic method in the analysis of mineral raw materials // Industrial Laboratory. 1962. V. 28. P. 940-941. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1962. V. 28. P. 887-888. South Kazakhstan Geological Authority, Almaty.
Kargin Yu.M. New methods of polarography (review) // Industrial Laboratory. 1962. V. 28. P. 1097-1102, review with 65 Refs. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1962. V. 28. P. 1029-1036. Kazan University.
Delimarskyi Yu.K., Gorodyskyi A.V. Advances in polarography on solid electrodes (review) // Industrial Laboratory. 1962. V. 28. P. 1103-1109, review with 120 Refs. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1962. V. 28. P. 1036-1042. Institute of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Kiev.
Bodyu V.I., Kozlova I.V., Lyalikov Yu.S. The pulse polarographic method of analysis (review) // Industrial Laboratory. 1962. V. 28. P. 1109-1115, review with 80 Refs. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1962. V. 28. P. 1042-1047. Institute of Chemistry, Chisinau.
Kaplan B.Ya., Sorokovskaya I.A. Investigations into square-wave polarography. General regularities of the method // Industrial Laboratory. 1962. V. 28. P. 1122-1126. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1962. V. 28. P. 1053-1057. Institute of Rare-Earth Industry (ГИРедМет), Moscow.
Yakovlev P.A., Malinina R.D. Instruments for polarography // Industrial Laboratory. 1962. V. 28. P. 1486-1488. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1962. V. 28. P. 1398-1400. Central Institute of Ferrous metallurgy (ЦНИИЧерМет).
Samylin A.K., Sidash E.S. An electronic potentiostate with high output current // Industrial Laboratory. 1962. V. 28. P. 1616-1619. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1962. V. 28. P. 1510-1512. Institute for Tubes, Dnipro <Dnepropetrovsk>.
Mairanovskyi S.G. The effect of the structure of the double layer on the irreversible polarographic reduction waves of the organic substances having proton consumption in the potential determining stage // Doklady Pysical Chemistry. 1962. V. 142. P. 167-170. Russian version: Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR. 1962. V. 142. P. 1120-1123. Institute of Organic Chemistry, Moscow.
Kirillova M. Application of polarographic methods at the Berezniki aniline dye factory // Industrial Laboratory. 1963. V. 29. P. 241-242. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1963. V. 29. P. 250. Berezniki <Perm region>. Industrial analysis of notrobenzene, phenol, and sulphenamides is considered.
Stromberg A.G. Increasing the sensitivity of amalgam polarography with accumulation on a stationary mercury drop // Industrial Laboratory. 1963. V. 29. P. 391-394. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1963. V. 29. P. 387-390. Tomsk Polytechnical Institute.
Pats R.G., Tsfasman S.B., Semochkina T.V. The determination of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn in non-ferrous metallurgy products with an alternating current polarograph // Industrial Laboratory. 1963. V. 29. P. 399-405. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1964. V. 29. P. 395-401. Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, Moscow.
Brainina Kh.Z., Kiva N.K. The use of graphite electrodes in oscillographic polarography for trace determinations // Industrial Laboratory. 1963. V. 29. P. 545-547. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1963. V. 29. P. 526-528. Donetsk Division of the Institute of Chemical Reagents.
Agasyan P.K., Nikolaeva E.R. The theoretical basis of, and interrelation between, electrometric methods of chemical analysis (review) // Industrial Laboratory. 1963. V. 29. P. 829-837, review with 17 Refs. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1963. V. 29. P. 1035-1041. Moscow University.
Mairanovskyi V.G. A high-Ohmic potentiometer and pH-meter based on an LP-58 device // Industrial Laboratory. 1963. V. 29. P. 1084-1085. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1963. V. 29. P. 1010-1011. Institute of Vitamins, Moscow.
Gorodyskii A.V., Delimarskyi Yu.K., Panov E.V., Balezin E.A. A method of low-frequency polaroscopy and a universal scheme for recording polarisation curves // Industrial Laboratory. 1963. V. 29. P. 1119-1125. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1963. V. 29. P. 1035-1041. Institute of General and Inorganic chemistry, Kiev.
Lyalikov Yu.S., Madan L.G., Bodyu V.I. Pulse polarography at solid electrodes // Industrial Laboratory. 1963. V. 29. P. 1427-1429. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1963. V. 29. P. 1289-1291. Institute of Chemistry, Chisinau.
Tuev G.V., Zaretskii V.S. The phase method of polarography // Industrial Laboratory. 1963. V. 29. P. 1430-1432. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1963. V. 29. P. 1291-1293. Design bureau on automation in non-ferrous metals industry (ЦветМетАвтоматика), North-Caucasus division, Vladikavkaz <Ordzhonikidze>.
Barikov V.G., Songina O.A. Graphite electrodes in electrochemical methods of analysis // Industrial Laboratory. 1964. V. 30. P. 3-6. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1964. V. 30. P. 5-8. Kazakh University, Almaty.
Tsfasman S.B. Criteria for optimum conditions in alternating current // Industrial Laboratory. 1964. V. 30. P. 7-12. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1964. V. 30. P. 8-14. Central Automation Lab, Moscow. On the basis of experimental data of R.G. Pats and R.M.-F. Salikhdzhanova.
Zakharov M.S. The effect of electrolysis potential on the depth of the anodic wave in the method of amalgam polarography with a stationary drop electrode // Industrial Laboratory. 1964. V. 30. P. 13-16. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1964. V. 30. P. 14-17. Tomsk Polytechnical Institute.
Tsfasman S.B., Salikhdzhanova R.M.-F. Vector polarograph employing a stationary drop // Industrial Laboratory. 1964. V. 30. P. 177-183. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1964. V. 30. P. 133-140. Central Automation Lab, Moscow.
Pats R.G., Tsfasman S.B., Semochkina T.V. Determination of microgram amounts of tellurium in an ac polarograph // Industrial Laboratory. 1964. V. 30. P. 184-190. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1964. V. 30. P. 140-147. Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, Moscow.
Bezuglyi V.D. Polarographic investigation of polymers (review) // Industrial Laboratory. 1964. V. 30. P. 199-204, publication of 1962 conference review talk co-authored with T.A. Alekseeva and E.K. Dvornikova, with 20 Refs. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1964. V. 30. P. 154-158. Kharkiv University.
Stromberg A.G., Zakharova E.A. Polarography with accumulation at a statiobary electrode// Industrial Laboratory. 1964. V. 30. P. 335-341, review with 110 Refs. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1964. V. 30. P. 261-267. Tomsk Polytechnical Institute.
Stromberg A.G., Kaplin A.A. The effect of the volume of the solution on the depth of the anode indentation in amalgam polarography // Industrial Laboratory. 1964. V. 30. P. 654-657. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1964. V. 30. P. 525-527. Tomsk Polytechnical Institute.
Ingolinskii V.A., Stromberg A.G. Maximum sensitivity of amalgam polarography with preliminary accumulation // Industrial Laboratory. 1964. V. 30. P. 829-831. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1964. V. 30. P. 656-658. Tomsk Polytechnical Institute.
Potapov M.P. Improved polarographic mercury electrode using platinum contact // Industrial Laboratory. 1964. V. 30. P. 805. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1964. V. 30. P. 635. Inst of Chemical Metallurgy <precursor of the Inst of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry>, Novosibirsk.
Kaplan B.Ya., Sorokovskaya I.A. An investigation of the possibilities of amalgam square-wave polarography with electrolytic accumulation // Industrial Laboratory. 1964. V. 30. P. 1459-1461. Russian version: Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. 1964. V. 30. P. 1177-1180. Institute of Rare-Earth Industry (ГИРЕДМЕТ), Moscow.
Specialized conferences
The community included researchers from Ukraine, Russia, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and united people from purely industrial, R&D, and academic institutions.
Meeting on Polarography, Moscow?, 1944. 20 reports. Another chronicle
2nd All-Union Conference on Polarography, Kazan, 1962. 400 participants, 138 reports.