Lev Isaevich Krishtalik (1927-2022) graduated from Mendeleev Institute of Chemical Technology in 1948, in the midst of “anti-cosmopolitants” compaign, which prevented his employment in academic research. He spent long time in the Institute of Chlorine industry, woking on chlorine electrolysis. His interest in basic electrochemical kinetics developed in parallel, in particular, under the influence of Frumkin’s lectures, which he attended in 1951. An example of his early article on his favorite topic, the elementary act of hydrogen evolution, can be foumd in Zhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimii. 1960. V. 32. P. 117-126 (in Russian).
Krishtalik’s early works in Frumkin Institute were devoted to both hydrogen evolution and complex anodic reactions, but making the same concessions for both topics: the final goal was to understand the elementary act of the charge transfer step.
There are excellent Krishtalik’s memoirs (in Russian) published by his colleague Vassily Ptushenko. Here is a list of Krishtalik’s collaborators.
In 1964, Frumkin found a possibility to invite Krishtalik to the Institute of Electrochemistry. A number of the articles of his early academic period, published in Russian, are collected below (translated versions). Marks in bold correspond to three topics: elementary act of charge transfer (EA), processes at high anodic potentials (AP), and solvated electron (SE). For the latter topic, the review of Krishtalik and Alpatova with 201 Refs was published in 1976 (translated version is available).
Krishtalik L.I. On the slow discharge theory // Zhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimii. 1957. V. 31. P. 2403-2413, in Russian, abstract in English (the last page).
Krishtalik L.I. The rates of elementary steps and mechanism of cathodic hydrogen evolution. I // Zhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimii. 1959. V. 33. P. 1715-1725, in Russian, abstract in English (the last page).
Krishtalik L.I. Adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of the interaction of adsorbed atoms via interfacial electron gas of the metal // Zhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimii. 1959. V. 33. P. 2729-1731, in Russian, abstract in English (the last page).
Krishtalik L.I. Problem of the stoichiometric number of an electrode reaction // Sov. Electrochemistry. 1965. V. 1. P. 297-300. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1965. V. 3. P. 346-349. EA
Bardina N.G., Krishtalik L.I. Kinetics of oxygen generation <evolution> on graphite at low anode potentials // Sov. Electrochemistry. 1966. V. 3. P. 199-204. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1966. V. 3. P. 216-221. AP
Krishtalik L.I. The problem of the physical meaning of potential in electrochemical kinetics equations // Sov. Electrochemistry. 1966. V. 3. P. 211-213. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1966. V. 3. P. 229-231. EA
Bardina N.G., Krishtalik L.I. The kinetics of the anodic oxygen separation <evolution> on graphite. II // Sov. Electrochemistry. 1966. V. 3. P. 307-311. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1966. V. 3. P. 334-339. AP
Krishtalik L.I., Rotenberg Z.A. Anode oxidation kinetics of graphite // Sov. Electrochemistry. 1966. V. 3. P. 322-323. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1966. V. 3. P. 351-353. AP
Krishtalik L.I. Theory of the wear of a graphite anode in chlorine electrolysis // Sov. Electrochemistry. 1966. V. 3. P. 364-372. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1966. V. 3. P. 393-401. AP
Krishtalik L.I. Overvoltage of hydrogen on mercury at low current densities. III. Influence of the activity of water // Sov. Electrochemistry. 1966. V. 3. P. 1029-1033. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1966. V. 3. P. 1123-1127. This article and Part IV below are related to Krishtalik’s findings of barrierless <barrier-free> discharge. Parts I and II were published in Zhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimii. 1965. V. 39. P. 642 and P.1087. EA
Krishtalik L.I. Overvoltage of hydrogen on mercury at low current densities. IV. Temperature dependence of the overvoltage // Sov. Electrochemistry. 1966. V. 3. P. 1075-1081. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1966. V. 3. P. 1176-1184. EA
Krishtalik L.I. Method of deriving electrochemical kinetic equations // Sov. Electrochemistry. 1966. V. 3. P. 1238-1239. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1966. V. 3. P. 1351-1354. EA
Krishtalik L.I. The problem of the structure of the dense part of the double layers // Sov. Electrochemistry. 1966. V. 3. P. 1354-1355. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1966. V. 3. P. 1483-1485.
Krishtalik L.I. Calculation of the pH value of the transition from discharge of hydroxonium ions to predominant discharge of water molecules // Sov. Electrochemistry. 1967. V. 3. P. 203-206. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1967. V. 3. P. 237-240. EA
Kokoulina D.V., Krishtalik L.I. Distribution of composition of the electrolyte along the depth of a porous graphite electrode in reactions of anodic liberation <evolution> of oxygen anc chlorine // Sov. Electrochemistry. 1967. V. 3. P. 748-754. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1967. V. 3. P. 848-855. AP
Bystrov V.I., Krishtalik L.I. Hydrogen overvoltage on silver at low current densities. I. Effect of composition of solution // Sov. Electrochemistry. 1967. V. 3. P. 1208-1212. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1967. V. 3. P. 1345-1350. This article and Part II below is related to Krishtalik’s findings of barrierless <barrier-free> discharge. EA
Bystrov V.I., Krishtalik L.I. Kinetics of the evolution of hydrogen on silver from buffered phosphate solutions // Sov. Electrochemistry. 1967. V. 3. P. 1350-1351. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1967. V. 3. P. 1499-1501. EA
Krishtalik L.I. Interpreting data on the anodic evolution of oxygen // Sov. Electrochemistry. 1968. V. 4. P. 212-214. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1968. V. 4. P. 240-242. AP
Bystrov V.I., Krishtalik L.I. Hydrogen overvoltage on silver at low current densities. II. Temperature dependence of the process rate // Sov. Electrochemistry. 1968. V. 4. P. 205-208. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1968. V. 4. P. 233-237. EA
Titova G.V., Krishtalik L.I. Kinetics of anodic oxidation of the azide ion // Sov. Electrochemistry. 1968. V. 4. P. 249-252. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1968. V. 4. P. 285-289. AP
Krishtalik L.I. Mechanism for removal of hydrogen atoms formed during barrier-free discharge of hydronium ions // Sov. Electrochemistry. 1968. V. 4. P. 793-795. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1968. V. 4. P. 877-879. EA
Erenburg R.G., Krishtalik L.I. Investigation of the kinetics of the anodic evolution of chlorine on nonporous graphite // Sov. Electrochemistry. 1968. V. 4. P. 832-837. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1968. V. 4. P. 923-929. AP
Krishtalik L.I. Determination of absolute ionic entropies from kinetic data // Sov. Electrochem. 1969. V. 5. P. 1-4. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1969. V. 5. P. 3-7. EA
Eberil’ V.I., Kokoulina D.V., Krishtalik L.I., Elina L.M. The problem of the reasons for the increased internal wear of the graphite anodes in the electrochemical preparation of chlorate // Sov. Electrochem. 1969. V. 5. P. 304-307. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1969. V. 5. P. 336-340. Valentin Isaakovich Eberil’ (1937-2021) later became a well-known expert in chlorine industry, this article is a part of his 1970 PhD thesis. AP
Bystrov V.I., Krishtalik L.I. Potential decay ater current shutoff when the polarization curve has two Tafel regions with different slopes // Sov. Electrochem. 1969. V. 5. P. 355-358. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1969. V. 5. P. 392-395. EA
Krishtalik L.I.,Tsionskii V.M. Hydrogen-isotope separation factor and mechanism of the elementary act // Sov. Electrochem. 1969. V. 5. P. 961. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1969. V. 5. P. 1019. This is a single page preliminary communication. EA
Tsionskii V.M., Krishtalik L.I. The effect of electrical double-layer structure on hydrogen isotope separation at a mercury cathode in acid solutions // Sov. Electrochem. 1969. V. 5. P. 1123-1126. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1969. V. 5. P. 1184-1187. EA
Tsionskii V.M., Krishtalik L.I. Electrolytic separation of hydrogen isotopes in alkaline solution // Sov. Electrochem. 1969. V. 5. P. 1428. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1969. V. 5. P. 1501-1502. This is a single page preliminary communication. EA
Tsionskii V.M., Krishtalik L.I. Influence of the nature of a metal on the separation factor of hydrogen isotopes // Sov. Electrochem. 1970. V. 6. P. 255-257. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1970. V. 6. P. 265-268. EA
Krishtalik L.I. Role of psi1-effects in the kinetics of the electrode processes // Sov. Electrochem. 1970. V. 6. P. 1132-1134. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1970. V. 6. P. 1165-1168. EA
Krishtalik L.I. Charge transfer reactions accompanied by a change in the coordinates of a heavy particle // Sov. Electrochem. 1970. V. 6. P. 496-502. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1970. V. 6. P. 507-515. EA
Krishtalik L.I. Charge transfer reactions accompanied by a change in the coordinates of a heavy particle. II // Sov. Electrochem. 1970. V. 6. P. 1135-1139. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1970. V. 6. P. 1168-1172. Part I (no number in the title) is the previous item. EA
Krishtalik L.I. Coefficients of separation of isotopes and the mechanism of the liberation <evolution> of hydrogen // Sov. Electrochem. 1970. V. 6. P. 1406-1410. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1970. V. 6. P. 1456-1461. EA
Kokoulina D.V., Krishtalik L.I. The volume <bulk> reaction forming sodium chlorate in the anolyte of the chlorate electrolysis // Sov. Electrochem. 1971. V. 7. P. 325-330. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1971. V. 7. P. 346-352. AP
Kokoulina D.V., Krasovitskaya Yu.I., Krishtalik L.I. Surface state of a platinum anode in acidic chloride solutions // Sov. Electrochem. 1971. V. 7. P. 1105-1108. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1971. V. 7. P. 1154-1157. AP
Kokoulina D.V., Krasovitskaya Yu.I., Krishtalik L.I. Comparison of polarisation curves on a platinum anode with the nature of the surface film // Sov. Electrochem. 1971. V. 7. P. 1172-1175. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1971. V. 7. P. 1218-1221. AP
Krishtalik L.I., Alpatova N.M., Fomicheva M.G. Electrochemical generation of solvated electrons in hexamethylphosphortriamide // Sov. Electrochem. 1971. V. 7. P. 1351 <Letter to Editor>. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1971. V. 7. P. 1393. SE
Ngo Dai Viet, Kokoulina D.V., Krishtalik L.I. Electrochemical oxidation of a graphite anode. I. Polarization behavior of the anode as a and temperature // Sov. Electrochem. 1972. V. 8. P. 214-217. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1972. V. 8. P. 221-224. AP
Ngo Dai Viet, Kokoulina D.V., Krishtalik L.I. Electrochemical oxidation of a graphite anode. II. State of the anode surface // Sov. Electrochem. 1972. V. 8. P. 218-220. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1972. V. 8. P. 225-228. AP
Ngo Tai Piet, Kokoulina D.V., Krishtalik L.I. Electrochemical oxidation of a graphite anode. III. Composition of the anodic products as a function of thr surface state of the anode and of its polarization characteristics // Sov. Electrochem. 1972. V. 8. P. 371-373. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1972. V. 8. P. 384-387. First author is the same as in Pts I and II, but we keep different transcriptions as used in Sov. Electrochem. AP
Ngo Tai Piet, Kokoulina D.V., Krishtalik L.I. Wear of graphite anodes in industrial electrolysis // Sov. Electrochem. 1972. V. 8. P. 374-376. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1972. V. 8. P. 387-390. AP
Alpatova N.M., Krishtalik L.I., Fomicheva M.G. Electrochemical generation of solvated electrons in hexamethylphosphortriamide // Sov. Electrochem. 1972. V. 8. P. 516-519. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1972. V. 8. P. 535-538. Priority is indicated in 1971 Letter to Editor. SE
Krishtalik L.I., Fomicheva M.G., Alpatova N.M. Liberation <evolution> of hydrogen and electrochemical generation of solvated electrons in hexamethylphosphoramide // Sov. Electrochem. 1972. V. 8. P. 614-616. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1972. V. 8. P. 629-632. SE See also Letter to Editor authored by R.V. Ivanova and M.G. Fomicheva concerning “double layer” of mercury in hexamethylphosphoramide.
Erenburg R.G., Krishtalik L.I., Bystrov V.I. Mechanism of evolution and ionization of chlorine on a ruthenoim oxide electrode // Sov. Electrochemistry. 1972. V. 8. P. 1690-1694. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1972. V. 8. P. 1740-1745. AP
Kuz’menko B.B., Krishtalik L.I. Investigation of the evolution of hydrogen on tungsten in alkaline solutions // Sov. Electrochem. 1973. V. 9. P. 131-135. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1973. V. 9. P. 130-135. EA
Krishtalik L.I., Ivanova T.V., Kokoulina D.V. Kinetics of the evolution of hydrogen at high overvoltages // Sov. Electrochem. 1973. V. 9. P. 191-194. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1973. V. 9. P. 200-204. EA
Kuz’menko B.B., Krishtalik L.I. Investigation of the hydrogen evolution reaction at tungsten in acidic solutions // Sov. Electrochem. 1973. V. 9. P. 227-229. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1973. V. 9. P. 237-240. EA
Krishtalik L.I., Kuz’menko B.B. Adsorption of hydrogen on tungsten in a solution of alkali // Sov. Electrochem. 1973. V. 9. P. 638-640. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1973. V. 9. P. 664-666. EA
Tsionskii V.M., Krishtalik L.I. Comparison of the electrolytic isotopic effect on gallium and mercury in acid<ic> and alkaline solutions // Sov. Electrochem. 1973. V. 9. P. 775-777. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1973. V. 9. P. 810-812. EA
Alpatova N.M., Krishtalik L.I., Ovsyannikova E.V., Zabusova S.E. Exchange currents of the “electron” electrode in hexamethylphosporamide // Sov. Electrochem. 1973. V. 9. P. 848-851. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1973. V. 9. P. 884-888. SE
Men’shakova N.I., Zhubasov V.L., Krishtalik L.I. A study of the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution in an electrolysis vessel with an ion-exchange membrane // Sov. Eletrochem. 1973. V. 9. P. 1100-1103. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1973. V. 9. P. 1163-1166. AP
Alpatova N.M., Fomichevs M.G., Ovsyannikova E.V., Krishtalik L.I. Electrochemical generation of solvated electrons and liberation <evolution> of hydrogen at cadmium in hexamethylphosporamide // Sov. Electrochem. 1973. V. 9. P. 1170-1171. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1973. V. 9. P. 1234-1235. SE
Dzhaparidze D.I., Chelidze T.R., Krishtalik L.I. Effect of iodide adsorption on hydrogen overvoltage in acidic ethylene glycol solutions // Sov. Electrochem. 1973. V. 9. P. 1606-1608. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1973. V. 9. P. 1706-1709. EA
Potapova E.N., Krishtalik L.I., Bagotskaya I.A. Activation energy and preexponential factor for the hydrogen evolution reaction at gallium and its alloys. I. Acidic solutions // Sov. Electrochem. 1974. V. 10. P. 41-44. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1974. V. 10. P. 49-53. EA
Potapova E.N., Krishtalik L.I., Bagotskaya I.A. Activation energy and preexponential factor for the hydrogen evolution reaction at gallium and its alloys. II. Alkaline solutions // Sov. Electrochem. 1974. V. 10. P. 45-48. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1974. V. 10. P. 53-57. EA
Dogonadze R.R., Krishtalik L.I., Pleskov V.Yu. Energy characteristics of surplus electrons in polar media // Sov. Electrochem. 1974. V. 10. P. 489-495. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1974. V. 10. P. 507-514. SE
Vannikov A.V., Alpatova N.M., Mal’tsev E.I., Krishtalik L.I. Equilibrium in hexamethylphosporotriamide between solvated electrons and dielectrons stabilized by reaction with cations // Sov. Electrochem. 1974. V. 10. P. 794-797. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1974. V. 10. P. 830-834. SE
Krishtalik L.I. Pre-exponential factor for the hydrogen ion discharge reaction // Sov. Electrochem. 1974. V. 10. P. 1760-1763. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1974. V. 10. P. 1862-1866. EA
Krishtalik L.I. Optimal distance for tunneling of electrons and reorganization of solvent // Sov. Electrochem. 1975. V. 11. P. 174. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1975. V. 11. P. 184-185. EA
Erenburg R.G., Krishtalik L.I., Yaroshevskaya I.P. Mehanism of chlorine evolution at a ruthenium-titanium oxide electrode // Sov. Electrochem. 1975. V. 11. P. 989-992. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1975. V. 11. P. 1068-1072. AP
Erenburg R.G., Krishtalik L.I., Yaroshevskaya I.P. Kinetics of chlorine evolution and ionization at ruthenium oxide and ruthenium-titanium oxide electrodes // Sov. Electrochem. 1975. V. 11. P. 993-995. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1975. V. 11. P. 1072-1074. AP
Erenburg R.G., Krishtalik L.I., Yaroshevskaya I.P. Liberation <evolution> and ionization of chlorine on ruthenium-titanium oxide electrodes at increased current densities // Sov. Electrochem. 1975. V. 11. P. 1150-1152. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1975. V. 11. P. 1236-1239. AP
Dzhaparidze D.I., Chelidze T.R., Krishtalik L.I. Temperature relation for the hydrogen overvoltage in ethylene glycol solutions // Sov. Electrochem. 1975. V. 11. P. 1225-1228. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1975. V. 11. P. 1315-1318. EA
Zabusova S.E., Fomicheva M.G., Krishtalik L.I., Alpatova N.M. The primary nature of solvated-electron generation ein hexamethylphosporamide // Sov. Electrochem. 1975. V. 11. P. 1759-1760. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1975. V. 11. P. 1888-1890. SE
Krishtalik L.I., Alpatova N.M. The electrochemistry of solvated electrons // Sov. Electrochem. 1976. V. 12. P. 161-190. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1976. V. 12. P. 163-194. REVIEW with 201 Refs. SE
Alpatova N.M., Zabusova S.E., Krishtalik L.I. Possibility of electrochemical generation of solvated electrons in certain aprotic solvents // Sov. Electrochem. 1976. V. 12. P. 599-600. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1976. V. 12. P. 625-627. SE
Tsionskii V.M., Krishtalik L.I. Kinetic isotope effect in the cathodic evolution of hydrogen on mercury-gallium alloys // Sov. Electrochem. 1976. V. 12. P. 887-888. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1976. V. 12. P. 958-960. EA
Ovsyannikova E.V., Krishtalik L.I., Alpatova N.M. Anodic oxidation of solvated electrons in hexamethylphosphoramide // Sov. Electrochem. 1976. V. 12. P. 954-958. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1976. V. 12. P. 1032-1037. SE
Krishtalik L.I., Alpatova N.M., Ovsyannikova E.V. Effect of metal electrode surface state on the mechanism of electrochemical solvated-electron generation in hexamethylphosphoramide // Sov. Electrochem. 1976. V. 12. P. 1365-1369. Russian version: Elektrokhimiya. 1976. V. 12. P. 1493-1498. SE